Nephrology focuses on diagnosis and medical management of conditions affecting kidney function. Consultation may be recommended for changes in urine output, swelling, abnormal kidney function tests, blood in urine or persistent high blood pressure. Assessment may involve medical history, laboratory results and imaging.

Chronic kidney disease refers to a gradual loss of kidney function over time. Diabetes, high blood pressure and certain other conditions may increase the risk. Early stages may not cause noticeable symptoms. Management may involve controlling underlying conditions, monitoring kidney function, medication and lifestyle guidance.

Acute kidney injury is a sudden decline in kidney function that may occur over hours or days. It can be associated with dehydration, infections, reduced blood flow to the kidneys, certain medications or other medical conditions. Early assessment helps identify the cause and guide treatment.

Diabetes and high blood pressure are important risk factors for kidney disease. Over time, uncontrolled blood sugar and blood pressure may damage kidney blood vessels and affect function. Regular monitoring and appropriate management can help address these risks.

Kidney stones are hard deposits that form when minerals and salts in urine crystallise. Depending on size and location, they may cause pain, blood in urine, nausea or difficulty passing urine. Treatment depends on size, location, symptoms and complications.

The urinary system includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Conditions may cause frequent urination, pain during urination, difficulty passing urine, blood in urine or recurrent urinary infections. Evaluation helps identify the cause and determine treatment.

The prostate is a gland in the male reproductive system. Prostate-related conditions may cause frequent urination, difficulty starting urination, weak urine flow or the need to urinate at night. Urological assessment can help identify the underlying condition and guide management.

Male urological health includes conditions affecting the urinary tract and male reproductive system. Patients may seek consultation for urinary difficulties, prostate-related symptoms, blood in urine or other urological concerns. Assessment depends on symptoms, medical history and investigations.

Patients with impaired kidney function may require regular monitoring and, in selected cases, renal replacement therapy such as dialysis. Haemodialysis uses a machine and filter to remove waste products and excess fluid from blood when the kidneys cannot perform these functions adequately. Treatment depends on kidney function and clinical condition.

Kidney transplantation may be considered for selected patients with advanced kidney disease or kidney failure. The process involves evaluating the recipient's health, kidney disease status and suitability for transplantation. A detailed assessment helps determine whether transplantation is appropriate.

A living donor kidney transplant involves transplantation of a kidney donated by a living individual who has undergone required medical and compatibility assessments. Donor and recipient evaluation follows clinical, legal and ethical requirements.

A deceased donor kidney transplant involves transplantation of a kidney donated after death, following required consent, allocation and regulatory processes. Patient evaluation and registration follow applicable requirements. Availability of a donor organ depends on allocation processes and cannot be guaranteed.

Kidney transplant recipients require ongoing medical supervision. Follow-up may involve monitoring kidney function, reviewing medication, assessing complications and supporting long-term health. The schedule is individualised.

Potential kidney donors undergo detailed medical assessment to evaluate health, kidney function and suitability for donation. Evaluation considers medical history, investigations and compatibility with the intended recipient, along with applicable ethical and regulatory requirements.